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	<title>MagdalaProject</title>
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		<title>Geo-survey 3</title>
		<link>http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/?p=5016</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 29 Aug 2011 08:05:55 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Prof. Adriano Ribolini and the Geophysical Techcnician Paolo Cantini of the the Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa (http://www.dst.unipi.it/), from 10/05 to 18/05 2011, completed the GPR survey of the City of Magdala. This work will enable a clear picture of the main structures to be investigated and will provide elements for the geomophological [...]]]></description>
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<p>Prof. Adriano Ribolini and the Geophysical Techcnician Paolo Cantini of the the Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa (http://www.dst.unipi.it/), from 10/05 to 18/05 2011, completed the GPR survey of the City of Magdala. This work will enable a clear picture of the main structures to be investigated and will provide elements for the geomophological study of the site.</p>
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		<title>Conference at the Kinneret Academic College</title>
		<link>http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/?p=5052</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 15 Aug 2011 15:16:49 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[On the 6th of April 2011, in a conference in memory of the scholar of the Lake, Mendel Nun, held at the Kinneret Academic College, Stefano De Luca and Anna Lena gave a speech about the recent discovery of the Harbour of Magdala which offers new elements not only for the archaeology of the site [...]]]></description>
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<p>On the 6th of April 2011, in a conference in memory of the scholar of the Lake, Mendel Nun, held at the Kinneret Academic College, Stefano De Luca and Anna Lena gave a speech about the recent discovery of the Harbour of Magdala which offers new elements not only for the archaeology of the site but for the entire Region.</p>
<p><a title="KinneretCollege" href="http://magdalaproject.org//WP/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/KinneretCollege.pdf" target="_blank"><br />
<img title="pdf" src="http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/wp-content/themes/MagdalaProject/images/pdf.png" alt="clik to download" width="52" height="52" />clik to download the program</a></p>
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		<title>Sorry, but this post is not available in English</title>
		<link>http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/?p=5018</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 08 Aug 2011 14:52:28 +0000</pubDate>
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				<category><![CDATA[Relazione 2008]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Magdala Project 2008-2010  L’attività archeologica di ricerca e preservazione delle antichità svolta dal Magdala Project nel 2008-2010 ha riguardato differenti campi e soggetti. 1) Monte Tabor. In vista di alcuni lavori edili all’interno del convento francescano, a settembre 2008 è stato eseguito uno scavo archeologico del salottino d’ingresso esponendo, sotto le pavimentazioni, resti occupazionali, consistenti [...]]]></description>
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<h1>Magdala Project 2008-2010</h1>
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<p style="text-align: justify;"> L’attività archeologica di ricerca e preservazione delle antichità svolta dal <em>Magdala Project</em> nel 2008-2010 ha riguardato differenti campi e soggetti.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">1) <strong>Monte Tabor</strong>. In vista di alcuni lavori edili all’interno del convento francescano, a settembre 2008 è stato eseguito uno scavo archeologico del salottino d’ingresso esponendo, sotto le pavimentazioni, resti occupazionali, consistenti in tre sovrapposti battuti pavimentali del periodo medievale e bizantino, con alcuni resti musivi. Lo scavo ha raggiunto la roccia viva, nella quale è intagliata l’antica cisterna sottostante<strong> </strong>(<strong>foto 1</strong>)</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">2) <strong>Nazareth</strong>. In cooperazione con l’Università di Firenze ci siamo occupati dell’installazione e del trasferimento dati di tre termorilevatori <em>Tasto</em> per monitorare i tassi di temperatura e umidità all’interno e all’esterno della Grotta dell’Annunciazione. I dati sono necessari per il lungo intervento di restauro che sta interessando le strutture antiche.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">3) <strong>Cafarnao</strong>. In qualità di responsabile delle rovine di Cafarnao (<strong>foto 2</strong>) il sottoscritto ha coordinato il restauro degli affreschi della <em>domus ecclesia</em>, sotto la basilica ottagonale di Cafarnao. Il lavoro è stato eseguito da due operatrici dell’<em>Istituto Centrale di Restauro </em>inviati dal Ministero per i Beni Culturali del Governo Italiano ed è stato finanziato dal fondo scavi del <em>Magdala Project</em>. In primo luogo sono stati consolidati i lacerti d’intonaco con tracce di pittura ancora <em>in situ,</em> negli angoli nord-ovest e sud-ovest e sui due pilastri della <em>domus</em> venerata. Si è provveduto anche al consolidamento delle strutture murarie il cui dissesto ne aveva provocato il disfacimento che, in certi punti, è sfortunatamente risultato irreparabile. Inoltre sono stati restaurati e montati su un supporto adeguato (aerolam) due grossi esemplari frammentati, già editi da E. Testa (<em>Cafarnao</em> IV, tav. XI; tav. 2, C) e recanti differenti decorazioni (<strong>foto 3</strong>). Sono adesso inventariati assieme agli altri nel catalogo del Museo dello SBF alla Flagellazione. Infine è stato ripulito e consolidato un concio dell’arco mediano che reca un’interessante motivo decorativo policromo inedito, sembrerebbe un decoro vegetale. (<strong>foto 4</strong>)</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Nel wadi Keraze presso l’area cimiteriale, durante un sopralluogo con il collega dr. M. Aviam, ho rinvenuto una sasso basaltico recante una iscrizione incisa a grandi lettere in maiuscola greca. Il reperto è stato prontamente inventariato dall’IAA ed è ora conservato a Cafarnao.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In vista della preparazione di un piano di restauro dell’edificio sinagogale del V sec. d.C., affidato dalla CTS all’ing. Y. Shaffer e sponsorizzato dal Ministero italiano dei Beni Culturali, da tempo è stato eseguito il rilievo con laser-scanner dell’intero monumento. Il lavoro è stato eseguito dallo Studio <em>Mabat 3D</em> di Haifa, ma i risultati, pur essendo stati divulgati, non sono ancora pervenuti alla committenza.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In collaborazione con ATS e con il <em>Mosaic Center</em> di Gerico, è stato già predisposto un progetto d’intervento per il restauro dei mosaici esposti nel sito, sia quelli della chiesa ottagona, che quelli provenienti da Tabgha. Allo scopo sono stati acquistati gli utensili e parte dei materiali necessari ad installare in loco il laboratorio (50 mq. di pannelli a nido d’ape di alluminio, 400 Kg di calce Lafarge, frese elettriche, prolunghe, garza, cotone idrofilo, 20 spatole ad oliva, 50 scalpelli al vidian, martelli, bisturi, Vinavil, Primal AC33, Paraloid B72, Alcool denaturato, Alcool isopropilico, Silicato di etile, Bicarbonato di ammonio, Acetone, ecc.) che è concepito come una scuola di formazione aperta ai giovani della regione. Sono già pervenuti all’ATS alcuni finanziamenti (Città di Belluno) da destinarsi a questo scopo, mentre si attendono altri sovvenzionamenti e l’adempimento delle procedure burocratiche, seguite dalla Segreteria della CTS, per l’ottenimento il permesso di lavoro per il gruppo dei tecnici palestinesi.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Con una generosa donazione, la Regione autonoma Trentino Alto Adige assicurerà la nuova pavimentazione in porfido dell’area archeologica, nel quadro del <em>Capharnaum Project</em>, il progetto della CTS con cui si intende riqualificare il sito e dotarlo di un polo museale. In collaborazione con l’ing. E. Soranzo sono state progettate diverse possibilità di posa in opera del nuovo lastricato. In attesa dell’avvio di questi lavori, le centinaia di utensili in basalto provenienti dagli scavi del villaggio, che sono stati inventariati da p. M.B. Arnd, sono stati raccolti e ordinati su nuovi scaffali metallici, in base al criterio dell’area di provenienza (quando noto), all’interno della cantina del convento francescano. Per l’occasione, con l’aiuto di volontari dell’Associazione <em>Romano Gelmini per i popoli della Terra Santa</em>, gli ambienti sono stati interamente bonificati e ristrutturati a spese del fondo scavi di Magdala.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Con lo stesso fondo si è provveduto alla sistemazione dell’area per pellegrini presso il Lago con la creazione di due luoghi di preghiera ombreggiati, riutilizzando elementi architettonici semplici (soglie, basi, colonne e capitelli) e, inoltre, sempre dai nostri ragazzi e volontari, è stata eseguita periodicamente la manutenzione di tutte le emergenze archeologiche del villaggio evangelico.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Tra la CTS e i responsabili del <em>Meeting</em> di Rimini <em>per l’amicizia tra i popoli</em> si è raggiunto un accordo di massima per l’allestimento di una grande mostra tematica sulla vita quotidiana di Cafarnao al tempo di Gesù. L’esposizione potrebbe costituire la base per lo studio, la selezione dei materiali, la disposizione e la realizzazione dell’apparato didattico-esplicativo del <em>Visitor Center</em> progettato dalla CTS nella città di Gesù.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">4) <strong>Tabgha</strong>. Per il santuario del Primato di Pietro a Tabgha (<strong>foto 5</strong>) è in corso di esecuzione una nuova sistemazione del percorso di visita ed è in via di finalizzazione, ad opera dell’arch. O. Hamdan coadiuvato dalla dr. C. Benelli, il rilievo archeologico della chiesa e monastero delle Beatitudini, scavati da B. Bagatti nel 1935. Le strutture rocciose che formano l’arco absidale, la fiancata Nord e l’ambiente annesso, si vanno sgretolando mandando in frantumi anche gli intonaci superstiti. Su di essi avevamo identificato alcuni graffiti inediti in greco corsivo, probabilmente recanti il nome di alcuni pellegrini. Fortunatamente essi erano da noi già stati preventivamente documentati e rilevati e saranno oggetto di una prossima pubblicazione.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Il rilievo archeologico sarà inserito nella pianta topografica di tutta l’area compresa tra Cafarnao e Tabgha (già eseguita dallo scrivente per conto del Consiglio economico di Galilea) nella quale, oltre alle delimitazioni di proprietà si è studiato di posizionare tutte le evidenze archeologiche, comprese le strutture portuali che stanno emergendo dalla superficie del Lago a ragione del sempre più basso livello delle acque. Grazie ad una battuta fotografica eseguita con l’ausilio di un pallone aerostatico mandato in quota a 100/120 m. di altezza e trasportato da un motoscafo, in collaborazione con <em>Sky View</em>, abbiamo già individuato diverse strutture murarie parzialmente affioranti dal pelo dell’acqua lungo la costa tra Magdala e Cafarnao e particolarmente tra Cafarnao e Tabgha. Ad Aprile 2011 siamo invitati a presentare un intervento sul porto di Magdala e sugli antichi approdi del Lago, nel corso della commemorazione dello studioso M. Nun, recentemente scomparso.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Oltre all’improcrastinabile intervento di consolidamento delle strutture rocciose e murarie dell’antico santuario delle Beatitudini descritto da Egeria, sarà valutata una migliore esposizione delle rovine ed una loro possibile fruizione.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Durante lavori di drenaggio delle sorgenti di Tabgha è stato riportato in luce un capitello di grosse dimensioni che è stato schedato assieme ad altri rinvenimenti occasionali, tra cui tre anelli di conduttura acquedottifera in basalto, tre ancore con un foro e alcuni frammenti di macine riusati come pesi da reti o ancoraggi.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">5) <strong>Tiberiade</strong>. Abbiamo eseguito alcuni lavori di consolidamento della cupola dell’abside, di adeguamento dell’impianto di aria condizionata e di rifacimento del rivestimento parietale della chiesa crociata e della sagrestia di Tiberiade, a spese del Consiglio economico di Galilea.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><a name="_GoBack"></a>6) <strong>Magdala</strong>. Numerose attività scientifiche e lavori sono stati eseguiti per Magdala (<strong>foto 6</strong>): con l’arch. A. Ricci (Studio <em>Quadra</em>, La Spezia) è stata finalizzata la pianta generale vettoriale dell’intera area archeologica. Il piano è stato inserito nella mappa topografica dell’area e nella cartografia della regione del Lago. Le tavole sono servite per illustrare la relazione preliminare di scavo pubblicata dallo SBF sul <em>LA</em> 2009.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Rispondendo ad un nostro progetto mirato, la città di Padova e la ditta Matteoli hanno fatto dono alla missione archeologica di una nuova escavatrice <em>Fiori</em> TA450. Sono state portate a buon fine le pratiche per l’abitabilità del conventino che è ora legalmente registrato al catasto, come altresì è stata perfezionata la registrazione della parcella di Ovest per interessamento dell’Economato della CTS che, tuttavia, rimane in pericolo di confisca per diventare un parcheggio, come stabilito dal vigente piano regolatore. A seguito di un’interminabile trattativa e grazie all’interessamento dell’ing, A. Joubran venuto in visita a Magdala ed alla collaborazione con l’ing. A. Hakim, siamo riusciti ad ottenere l’allacciamento alla rete elettrica, previo rifacimento di tutti gli impianti, scavo e cablaggio dei cavi elettrici lungo l’intero muro di cinta. Contestualmente sono state predisposte le canalizzazioni per un auspicabile collegamento all’acquedotto nazionale, urgente perché la sorgente, che finora ha servito le esigenze della missione archeologica, si è completamente prosciugata, rendendo oltremodo problematica la permanenza e l’attività di volontari e collaboratori.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">I volontari dell’Associazione <em>R. Gelmini</em> coordinati da E. Soranzo, hanno installato due bagni prefabbricati, donati dall’Ospedale Italiano Fatebenefratelli di Nazareth, che ora sono stati rivestiti da pannelli cementizi e ricoperti da una tettoia di alluminio che protegge anche i dieci banchi da lavoro per il trattamento dei cocci (lavaggio, siglaggio, registrazione, assemblaggio, restauro, disegno, fotografia) all’ingresso del conventino (<strong>foto 7</strong>). Nuovi serbatoi di acqua hanno sostituito quelli di asbesto sul terrazzo. Il dr. M. Meinero ha donato una micro-pulitrice ad ultrasuoni <em>Tuttnauer</em> per la pulitura dei reperti numismatici e metallici. V. Varisco della <em>Viesse pompe</em> di Padova ci ha regalato una potente idrovora completa di 500 m. di manichette, rivelatisi preziosissimi per lo svuotamento delle piscine durante gli scavi e per i sondaggi in profondità. È stato acquistato un nuovo <em>metaldetector</em> professionale <em>Garret Ace</em> 350. I mosaici del monastero bizantino sono stati ricoperti da tessuto-non tessuto e sabbia in attesa del restauro conservativo per il quale, con progetti <em>ad hoc</em> preparati dal <em>Magdala Project</em> in collaborazione con ATS, la CTS ha già ricevuto alcune donazioni (Provincia di Firenze, Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di San Miniato). L’intervento sarà eseguito contestualmente ai pannelli di Cafarnao e prevede lo stacco dei tappeti e il loro fissaggio su supporti adattati di alluminio, il restauro e le integrazioni delle parti perdute, lo scavo degli ambienti per la verifica dei depositi stratigrafici, il ricollocamento <em>in situ</em> e l’installazione di una copertura protettiva. Anche in questo caso le operazioni sono concepite come attività didattica rivolta ai giovani della Galilea.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">La scuola d’arte muraria <em>Calchéra</em>, Centro di ricerca e formulazione dei materiali per i professionisti del restauro architettonico, ci ha fornito utili indicazioni e un preventivo di massima per il restauro delle murature e la riproduzione delle malte originali.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">I risultati degli scavi 2007-2008 patrocinati dallo SBF, sono stati presentati nel corso di alcune conferenze in diverse Università e Istituzioni italiane e israeliane. Ciò è servito per tessere nuovi e vantaggiosi rapporti di collaborazione con alcuni dipartimenti. Grazie alla diponibilità accordata da numerosi professionisti, la campagna in corso 2010-2011, potrà valersi di competenze specifiche e altamente specializzate.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Siamo intervenuti al simposio Graeco-Roman Galilee (21-23/6/2009) con il paper “Urban Development of the city of Magdala/Tarichaeae in the light of the new excavations: remains, problems and perpectives”, di imminente pubblicazione.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">La campagna del 2008 si è rivelata particolarmente feconda di scoperte e nuove acquisizioni (<strong>foto 8</strong>). Per un’informazione dettagliata rimandiamo alla sopra citata relazione pubblicata su <em>LA</em> (2009), 343-562. Tra l’altro, è cominciata l’indagine della complessa rete idrica, con acquedotto e <em>castellum acquae</em>, che rifornisce il peculiare impianto termale delle aree E ed F e di diversi ambienti appartenuti al medesimo complesso.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Molto vario si è rivelato il deposito di vasi tardo-ellenistici/romani-antichi nella pur piccola vasca a gradini sita nei vani E2-E7. Diversi altri materiali, non solo di vasellame ceramico, di molteplici tipologie, sono stati riportati alla luce nelle piscine con scalinate di accesso, in particolare D3, E11 ed E22 dove, oltre ad un centinaio di monete, sono stati repertati numerosi oggetti del I sec. d.C. legati alle attività che si svolgevano in questo genere di ambenti decorati da affreschi: gettoni, aghi crinali, spilloni, orecchini, anelli, spatole e specilli, manichetti per unguentari e <em>aryballoi</em> vitrei e ceramici. Nel contesto fangoso e saturo di acqua degli alvei, che ha impedito lo scambio gassoso e il normale processo di decomposizione dei materiali organici, si è eccezionalmente preservata anche una quantità di travi, pannelli e oggetti in legno, tra cui un pettine, un piatto, ciotole, scodelle e utensili di ulivo o di acacia (<strong>foto 9</strong> e <strong>foto 10</strong>). I più importanti di questi ritrovamenti, a cura delle restauratrici F. Mancini e F. Cariaggi, sono stati trasferiti al <em>Centro di restauro del legno bagnato</em>, <em>Cantiere delle Navi antiche</em> di Pisa, dove hanno subito il lungo processo di disidratazione e consolidamento e sono pronti a rientrare, a gennaio 2011, con le medesime operatrici che si occuperanno, come già in passato, del restauro dei vasi, dei vetri (<strong>foto 11</strong>), dei metalli e degli ossi lavorati. Sono pervenute le relazioni finali sulle analisi di laboratorio eseguite congiuntamente nelle Università di Pisa e Trieste sul contenuto del gruppo di unguentari ivi rinvenuto (<strong>foto 12</strong>). Lo scavo della grande condotta E20 e di alcuni canali secondari che corrono sotto il piano stradale, ha permesso di accrescere le nostre conoscenze sui sistemi di rifornimento e smaltimento dell’acqua corrente. In una vasca costruita contro i piloni dell’acquedotto nell’area del Monastero (M31), sono stati trovati, schiacciati dal crollo dei lastroni di copertura, centinaia di alti boccali del periodo arabo antico, monoansati alla base, che costituivano verosimilmente l’equipaggiamento di una noria.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Di pregevole interesse è la scoperta di un monumentale edificio a casematte sul versante est dell’area E. In esso sono conservati una rimarchevole muratura asmonea a bozze prominenti e una pietra da ormeggio aggettante. Un altro ormeggio di questa stessa fase cronologica è stato scoperto lungo il muro di cinta orientale del quadriportico F, del quale sono state indagate, fino alla profondità di tre metri, le possenti fondazioni. Appartengono invece ad una fase di poco posteriore (periodo erodiano) ben quattro altre pietre da ormeggio con foro passante consunto, inserite nella banchina intonacata che venne addossata al perimetro est del quadriportico. Si tratta delle strutture residue di un imponente porto, l’unico così completo giunto fino a noi lungo l’intera costa del Lago di Galilea. Contestuali e in funzione con gli ormeggi, sono una rampa in massicciata degradante in direzione dell’acqua e un’ampia scalinata in pietra calcarea nel settore meridionale. A seguito di un periodo di abbandono il bacino portuale (<strong>foto 13</strong>)<strong> </strong>venne interrato da sabbie e brecce, apparentemente per cause naturali. I sedimenti meritano di essere studiati con analisi chimiche e tecniche proprie dell’indagine geologica. Lo studio e l’esame dei depositi limnici, come anche dei crolli relativi agli archi delle abitazioni dell’area H, saranno perciò eseguiti, nella seconda metà di gennaio 2011, dal sedimentologo prof. G. Sarti, docente di Geologia stratigrafica presso il Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell’Università di Pisa.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Nel 2009 è stato esposto un grande braccio Ovest-Est del molo che, estendendosi dall’edificio con murature ellenistiche, in un periodo successivo ampliò verso la spiaggia il bacino portuale, prolungando conseguentemente lo scarico della condotta E20.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Al centro della piazza abbiamo riportato in luce una nuova piscina (F20) in muratura pseudo isodoma, munita di un parapetto stondato e di cinque bocche che la approvvigionavano e la svuotavano costantemente dell’acqua corrente. L’ambiente fu riusato secoli dopo, fino al periodo arabo compreso, a giudicare dai materiali raccolti sul lastricato del fondo.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In questi ultimi mesi del 2010 (<strong>foto 14</strong>) sono state scoperte le due condutture in muratura, intonacate e coperte, che da Ovest e da Sud portavano acqua da e verso la piscina della piazza (F20), insinuandosi sotto le fondazioni del quadriportico F, con la cui edificazione sono evidentemente in fase. Con un delicato scavo archeologico è stato riportato in luce l’intero sistema di <em>suspensurae</em> del <em>calidarium</em> (E19) abbastanza ben conservato (<strong>foto 15</strong>). L’ipocausto è composto da <em>pilae </em>di mattoni quadrati, posati ad intervalli regolari su una preparazione di scaglie di basalto sistemate orizzontalmente, che sostenevano il pavimento rialzato composto da lastre marmoree su bipedali. Lungo le pareti si sono preservati gli alloggiamenti verticali per i <em>tubuli</em>, dei quali sono stati repertanti numerosi frammenti e alcuni esemplari integri. Da una nuova vasca intonacata (<strong>foto 16</strong>), appartenuta alla fase romana antica delle terme e sita all’interno del medesimo ambiente riscaldato, proviene un cospicuo e omogeneo lotto di vasi della prima metà del I secolo d.C. che include anfore, anforette, fiasche, pentole, pentolini, tegami, piatti e anche numerosi frammenti di lucerne erodiane, boccali in pietra tenera e vasetti per profumi sia in terracotta che in vetro (<strong>foto 7</strong>). Vi era, inoltre, una raffinata spatola lavorata in osso, alcune <em>spatulae </em>e specilli bronzei e un manichetto sempre di bronzo, terminante con due teste di cigno stilizzate, per il trasporto degli unguentari vitrei. L’attiguo ambiente E18, che fungeva verosimilmente da <em>tepidarium</em>, è stato indagato mettendo in luce fasi murarie preesistenti e altri alloggiamenti per tubuli a sezione rettangolare.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Con mezzi meccanici e col piccone si è provveduto all’estirpazione definitiva delle decine di ceppi di palma abbattute gli anni passati (<strong>foto 8</strong>).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Realizzata la rimozione meccanica del posticcio canale in cemento sul limite Nord dell’area scavata, è stato possibile rintracciare i muri di chiusura ad Ovest e a Nord del complesso C (<strong>foto 17</strong>)e riportare in vista la prosecuzione dell’antico canale coperto, che correva anche sotto il celebre mosaico pavimentale con raffigurazione della barca dell’ambiente C6, per rifornire, nella fase più antica, la piscina C3. Dagli strati sul canale, provengono degli altri materiali tipici dell’uso termale. Nel settore Est del medesimo complesso C, invece, stano tornando in luce i resti murari di alcune abitazioni risalenti all’ultima fase insediativa del sito.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">La dr. A. Faggi (<em>Thesan</em>, Studio Associato di Archeologia di Livorno) sta portando a termine la redazione del catalogo completo di tutti gli elementi architettonici (mensole, colonne, capitelli, basi, utensili in basalto) rinvenuti nell’area archeologica e la catalogazione dei frammenti di affresco policromo proveniente dalla piscine termali.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In questa settimana sta avendo luogo il trattamento conservativo delle <em>suspensurae </em>di E19 (<strong>foto 18</strong>) per opera della restauratrice E. Sonnino (ICR), specialista in intonaci e affreschi antichi, che sta anche insegnando ai nostri operai la preparazione e la posa in opera delle malte idrorepellenti per il restauro degli ambienti idraulici. Si sta occupando anche della pulitura e del consolidamento dei lacerti di affreschi e stucchi catalogati nel 2008. Il muro Ovest della piscina D3, che minacciava pericolosamente di crollare, è stato interamente restaurato riproducendo la tecnica antica. Uno strato di malta idraulica a base di cocciopesto, opportunamente preparata, è stato steso per foderare le murature della vasca a contatto con l’acqua (<strong>foto 19</strong>). Con il rifacimento parziale del muretto di Est, invece, è stata riaperta la bocchetta di scarico che risulta collegata ad un canale in muratura. Questo, piegando ad angolo retto, si riversava nella condotta C14 che correva al disotto della via V3. Nell’attiguo ambiente D2, per la mancanza di acqua dalla sorgente, siamo potuti scendere in profondità seguendo il paramento del muro Sud che è costruito in ottima tecnica a squadro e si è preservato in alzato per sette ricorsi di conci alternati. Sul fondo è stato rintracciato un conglomerato tenace nel quale sono ammorsati ciottoli di fiume. Un canale ampio 60 cm. lo tagliava originariamente da Ovest ad Est. Il paramento orientale del vano, in comune con la piscina D3, fu costruito quando il fondo era già stato riempito da un altro conglomerato che sorreggeva una seconda pavimentazione ricavata con tecnica analoga. Tra le piete di piccolo e medio taglio della piattaforma, alta una sessantina di cm., abbiamo rinvenuto diversi frammenti di cocci tardo-ellenistici/romani-antichi e una dozzina di monete. Allo stesso tempo sono stati ricostruiti <em>ex novo</em> i due/tre ricorsi mancanti per fondare il muro di Est.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Un ingegnere e un geologo della rinomata ditta <em>So.In.G.</em> di Livorno, che vanta collaborazioni di alto valore scientifico con sovrintendenze, università e missioni archeologiche internazionali, sono in arrivo a dicembre per le programmate indagini geofisiche con apparecchiature georadar (radar GSSI-USA Sir 3000) finalizzate alla mappatura delle aree non ancora scavate nell’intera proprietà.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Al principio del 2011 è previsto anche l’arrivo dell’antropologo prof. E. Carnieri (Università di Palermo) che si occuperà dei cospicui ritrovamenti ossei e malacologici rinvenuti a partire dal 2006.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Per febbraio attendiamo allo SBF il ritorno del prof. B. Callegher dell’Università di Trieste, che sta ultimando la redazione della monografia sui numerosi rinvenimenti numismatici di Magdala.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Lo SBF ha siglato un accordo con il Dottorato di Ricerca in Archeologia (Rapporti tra Oriente e Occidente) dell’Università degli Studi di Napoli l’Orientale, per la ricerca inerente lo studio dei materiali provenienti dallo scavo di Magdala ad opera della dr. A. Lena, vincitrice di una borsa di studio e da anni nostra valente collaboratrice.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Il programma di scavo 2011, augurandoci che vadano a buon fine i finanziamenti stanziati ma non ancora pervenuti, è stato già illustrato nella relazione pubblicata in <em>LA</em>, non a caso intitolata “La città ellenistico-romana di Magdala/Taricheae. Gli scavi del Magdala Project 2007 e 2008: relazione preliminare e prospettive di indagine”. In aggiunta a quanto scritto, occorrerà completare la compilazione delle schede e l’inserimento dei dati relativi a strati, unità murarie e reperti mobili nell’apposito database elettronico disegnato dall’ing. A. Bussolin; il rilievo delle nuove strutture emerse dagli scavi e la loro digitalizzazione a cura dell’arch. A. Ricci; la preparazione delle piante di fase per ognuna delle epoche che dal I sec. a.C. all’VIII sec. d.C. hanno interessato il sito; il disegno dei reperti più interessanti e dei lotti più rilevanti, ai fini delle pubblicazioni, per i quali vorremmo avvalerci, come l’altro anno, della preziosa collaborazione dei disegnatori M. Forgia (Museo Etrusco di Villa Giulia), R. Cestari (Museo di Ferrara) e E. Taccola (Università di Pisa).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">La pagina internet <a href="http://www.magdalaproject.org/"><em>www.magdalaproject.org</em></a> che per motivi logistici è rimasta ferma, verrà aggiornata nei suoi contenuti con la pubblicazione dei diari, delle fotografie e delle relazioni di scavo.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Sempre più persone desiderano visitare gli scavi di Magdala. Pullmans di pellegrini sovente sostano all’ingresso dei cancelli per ammirare dall’alto i consistenti resti urbani della città evengelica. Diversi gruppi di religiosi e guide e numerosi biblisti e archeologi sono da noi stati guidati all’interno dei resti per conoscere o studiare le nuove scoperte. Ricordiamo qui il compianto prof. E. Netzer, e i colleghi Y. Tzafrir, U. Leibner, D. Adan-Bayewitz, M. Aviam, Y. Stepansky, J. Charlesworth, Y. Ashkenazi, C. Ben David, D. Syon, A. Segal, J. Patrich, Z. Safrai, H. Lavi, Y. Shahar, W. Atrash, I. Ronen, D. Hadar, R. Reiss, D. Amit, T. Tsuk, Z. Weiss, J.K. Zangenberg, A. Najjar, B. Arubas, D. Avslamom, M. Cohen, Y. Alef, J.Neguer, J. Pastor, M. Eisenberg, S. Miller, D. Baldoni, I. Bisharat, A. Mukari, Y. Tepper, S. Pfann, M. Osband, A. De Vincentis, M. Zapata, e molti altri. Il 25 novembre u.s. il sottoscritto ha presieduto un workshop di studio a Magdala sulle scoperte archeologiche cui ha preso parte un gruppo di venticinque archeologi operanti in Galilea e alcuni membri dell’IAA (<strong>foto 20</strong>). Il giorno 14 dicembre è attesa la visita del dr. G. Avni, direttore dell’<em>Excavation and Surveys Department</em> dell’ IAA.</p>
<p>Stefano De Luca</p>
<p><em>Magdala Project</em></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://198.62.75.4/www1/ofm/sbf/Books/Notiziario/NotiziarioSBF2010.pdf" target="_BLANK">http://198.62.75.4/www1/ofm/sbf/Books/Notiziario/NotiziarioSBF2010.pdf</a></p>
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		<title>Geo-survey 2</title>
		<link>http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/?p=5012</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 01 Aug 2011 07:08:44 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Professors Giovanni Sarti, Gianni Zanchetta and Adriano Ribolini of the Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa (http://www.dst.unipi.it/), on the basis of a Memorandum of Understanding with the Magdala Project Archaeological  Mission, from 05/03 to 13/03 2011, prospected by Georadar which have not yet been excavated. Under their direction, a new in-depth probe trench (F27) [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/?p=5012" title="Permanent Link to Geo-survey 2">Here a SimpleViewer Flash gallery should be displayed. Click here to open the post in your browser to see the gallery.</a></p>
<p>Professors Giovanni Sarti, Gianni Zanchetta and Adriano Ribolini of the Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa (http://www.dst.unipi.it/), on the basis of a Memorandum of Understanding with the Magdala Project Archaeological  Mission, from 05/03 to 13/03 2011, prospected by Georadar which have not yet been excavated. Under their direction, a new in-depth probe trench (F27) in the area of the harbour basin, finalized to the study of the lake deposition next to a platform. Several samples of soils and biological materials, were collected to proceed, in the Laboratories of the University of Pisa, to some archaeometric analysis</p>
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		<title>Harbour Stratigraphy</title>
		<link>http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/?p=4194</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 25 Jul 2011 11:25:29 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Harbour Stratigraphy In cooperation with Prof. Giovanni Sarti of the Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa (http://www.dst.unipi.it/), from 26/01 to 06/02 2011, a geo-stratigraphic survey was undertaken in the area of the Harbour, finalised to the study of the natural deposits, in order to clarify the levels of foundation, use and abandonment of the [...]]]></description>
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<p>Harbour Stratigraphy</p>
<p>In cooperation with Prof. Giovanni Sarti of the Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa (http://www.dst.unipi.it/), from 26/01 to 06/02 2011, a geo-stratigraphic survey was undertaken in the area of the Harbour, finalised to the study of the natural deposits, in order to clarify the levels of foundation, use and abandonment of the structures.</p>
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		<title>Tour in the Area of ex-Hawaii</title>
		<link>http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/?p=3909</link>
		<comments>http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/?p=3909#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 11 Jul 2011 15:00:16 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[23/02/2011 some members of the Magdala Project staff, visited the excavations in progress in the area of ex-Hawaii Beach, now property of the Arch New Gate. The tour was led by D. Avshalom-Gorni from Israel Antiquities Authority, which showed a Roman (50 AD-100 AD) residential quarter to the East of the Synagogue facing a East-West road [...]]]></description>
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<p style="text-align: justify;">
<p style="text-align: justify;">
23/02/2011 some members of the Magdala Project staff, visited the excavations in progress in the area of ex-Hawaii Beach, now property of the Arch New Gate. The tour was led by D. Avshalom-Gorni from Israel Antiquities Authority, which showed a Roman (50 AD-100 AD) residential quarter to the East of the Synagogue facing a East-West road with 2 building phases (Roman). Of great interest was the explanation of the Synagogue which seems to have been abandoned before being completed, around 60/70 AD. According to some evidences the Synagogue was built in the same place of an earlier religious building.  Moreover the group enjoyed the visit in the Southern Area where the field director Marcela Zapata, with the cooperation of a large number of volunteers, unearthed the I Century AD living-quarters, built along a North/West-South/East Road.</p>
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		<title>Archaeological News from the Galilee: Tiberias, Magdala and Rural Galilee</title>
		<link>http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/?p=3784</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 27 Jun 2011 11:20:02 +0000</pubDate>
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				<category><![CDATA[Galilean Archaeology]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Jürgen K. Zangenberg Recent years have proved very prolific for Galilean archaeology of the Greco-Roman Period, making the Galilee perhaps the most intensively researched area in a region that already belongs to the best-known of the ancient Mediterranean world. Of course, ongoing archaeological activity both in the form of field work and publications does not [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>Jürgen K. Zangenberg</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Recent years have proved very prolific for Galilean archaeology of the Greco-Roman Period, making the Galilee perhaps the most intensively researched area in a region that already belongs to the best-known of the ancient Mediterranean world. Of course, ongoing archaeological activity both in the form of field work <em>and</em> publications does not only increase the quantity of our available data and fill gaps in our records, it also helps improve methodological awareness and invites to rethink current models of Galilean culture and society.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Despite the fact that Galilean archaeology has a distinctly regional focus of activity and that it finds the majority of its recipients among students of Rabbinic Judaism and Early Christianity who often use archaeological data as “raw material” to address issues originating from the study of texts, it is nevertheless necessary that Galilean archaeology continues to develop its methodological instruments in close dialogue with the wider debate in general archaeology. Just as ancient Galilee was never isolated, but is to be perceived as <em>one</em> region within the broader regionality of the Eastern Mediterranean, the study of its material remains cannot flourish without input from neighbouring disciplines.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In recent years large-scale excavations (such as in Tiberias and Magdala) produced important evidence for the high degree of Hellenization in the larger cities of the Galilee, at the same time chance discoveries (such as the synagogue in Magdala) or excavations in rural sites added important information on Jewish material culture in the first centuries CE, and – perhaps the most important new trend – renewed interest in rural Galilee helps fill in many “blank areas” between towns and cities and develop a more accurate picture of daily life in rural Galilean communities – a major factor in the earliest Jesus tradition.<sup>1</sup></p>
<div id="attachment_4365" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 558px"><a href="http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/0001.jpg"><img class="size-large wp-image-4365" title="-000" src="http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/0001-1024x682.jpg" alt="" width="548" height="365" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Tiberias – South Gate Complex after Reexcavation and Conservation in 2010.© Jürgen K. Zangenberg</p></div>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Tiberias</strong> Too long did Tiberias stand in the shadow of cities like Skythopolis or Caesarea Maritima whose monumental buildings fuelled popular imagination of “Hellenistic” cities in ancient Palestine. Now, Hellenistic-Roman Tiberias is dramatically reemerging from layers of archaeological sediment.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Resumed by Yizhar Hirschfeld, excavations in Tiberias have concentrated on the area around the remains of a bath house and the so-called market place. Hirschfeld was able to show that the central, pillared structure previously associated with the market, in fact likely was a 9th century mosque, one of the earliest in the region.<sup>2</sup>  After large parts of a monumental peristyle villa (the so-called “basilica”, taken by Hirschfeld to be the seat of the Tiberias sanhedrin) had already been excavated in 2004, Hirschfeld started deep soundings in April 2005 below the structures of the 4th century. A large amount of broken marble tiles and fragments of painted wall plaster were found in fills. As the soundings were extended, remains of several rectangular rooms were exposed that had been covered with carefully cut white, black and brown tiles – apparently remains of a delicate <em>opus sectile</em> floor very similar to what is known from Herodian-period palaces like Masada, Jericho and Kypros. Soundings below this level demonstrated that the building was erected on a deep layer of undressed field stones to protect the foundations from the nearby lake and ground water. Preliminary readings of ceramic points to a construction of these rooms in the early 1st century CE, a deep conflagration layer shows that the complex was destroyed late in the 1st century CE. Future excavations will have to clarify the wider architectural and historical context of this complex, but it seems likely already that the building was used by the very top of Tiberias’ population, if not by Antipas himself who founded the city in 18 CE. More fragments of similar painted plaster from 1st century fills at various other spots around the bath house testify that more remains from the 1st century can be expected if excavations are expanded. After Hirschfeld passed away in November 2006, excavations were continued by the Hebrew University under the direction of Dr. Katia Cytryn Silverman in 2009. <sup>3</sup></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Extensive work was carried out in recent years in the context of developing Tiberias into a major tourist site. Dr. Walid Atrash and Avner Hillman on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) re-exposed the Southern Gate, already excavated and backfilled by Gideon Foerster in the 1970 s, together with a large section of the southern city wall. The gate was built just north of a natural stream bed that marked the southern end of Tiberias. To the north, the stone paved <em>cardo</em> ran through the city, remains of which Foersters had already been able to trace. Originally built as free-standing monumental entrance to the city with two round towers of 7 m diameter and accessed by a stone bridge from the south (still unknown to Foerster), a city wall was added to the gate in the Byzantine period at the latest. The first phase of the gate very much resembles the socalled “Tiberias Gate” on the Gadara plain from the Flavian period. <sup>4</sup>  Did the gate in Tiberias serve as model for the Gadarene “Tiberias gate”? Several times the Tiberian gate was refurbished and especially the bridge had to be rebuilt and strengthened, but recent reexcavation seems to have confirmed Foersters suggestion to date the gate’s first phase to the foundation of the city.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The second focus of IAA activity was the massive Roman theater, an almost circular depression on the eastern foot of Mount Berenike which had been misused as city dump since the 1950s. <sup>5</sup> Hirschfeld exposed a small section of the outer edge, discovered several layers of finely dressed masonry and identified it as part of a 2nd or 3rd century CE Roman theater. Recent excavations fully exposed the structure and firmly established two main architectural phases, correcting the late date proposed by Hirschfeld: the foundation phase clearly dates back to the times of Antipas who transferred his seat from Sepphoris to newly erected Tiberias in 19 CE. The second, larger phase dates to the Roman period (3rd century CE) when Tiberias served as civic center for a large and affluent Jewish population which enjoyed good relations with the Roman authorities. Fine masonry and lavish decoration are witness to the exceptionally high architectural standard of the theater. Although the size of Tiberias’ population in the times of Antipas is not known, it seems likely that the theater not only served the immediate inhabitants, but also functioned as central meeting space for wider region.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
<p style="text-align: justify;">Next to the South gate and possibly also the remains of the palatial building, the theatre is the third monumental building that can be associated with the building activities of Antipas and a key find in several respects. First of all, it is certainly reason enough to reevaluate the date of the Sepphoris theater whose problematic archaeological situation has many archaeologists led to believe that it was built only after 70 CE.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Seen in a broader context, the theater is further welcome evidence for how intensively Antipas emulated his father Herod as great builder and Hellenistic ruler. If one accepts the possibility that the remains below the peristyle villa just 200 m northeast of the theater are remains of Antipas’ palace and if one considers an Antipas date for the first phase of the south gate, the grandeur of his new residence city comes out even more impressively. What more and more turns out as fully fledged “building program” (including what he has built in Sepphoris) must have had a massive impact on the region around the Lake. A building like the Tiberias theater requires continuous investment and provides skilled and unskilled workers employment over a long period of time. This does not seem conceivable without the stable political conditions that Hoerning Jensen envisions for Antipas reign. <sup>6</sup>  But what were the long-term effects? What did themassive redistribution and influx of capital (much of which must have come from outside the Galilee) do to local industries? Of course, regional inhabitants must have benefited from continuous employment and wages. That local population increased and settlements grew during the 1st century CE is demonstrated by surveys carried out and recently published by Uzi Leibner (see below). But did food production keep up with a growing population? Was the social unrest described in our sources <em>after</em> the reign of Antipas not a result of the <em>end </em>of Antipas investments instead of its direct consequence? Could the population increase under Antipas have led to a food shortage a generation later and thereby contributed to the social tensions that fuelled later rebellion?</p>
<div id="attachment_4366" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 558px"><a href="http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/0012.jpg"><img class="size-large wp-image-4366" title="-001" src="http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/0012-767x1024.jpg" alt="" width="548" height="731" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">The Magdala synagogue from the air. © Israel Antiquities Authority</p></div>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Magdala </strong>While evidence of the urban and “Hellenistic” character of Tiberias was not difficult to expect, recent excavations in Magdala by the “Magdala Project” since 2007 under the direction of Stefano de Luca (<em>Studium Biblicum Franciscanum</em>) produced surprising results.<sup>7</sup>  So far, no detailed reports of these most extensive excavations on the site since 1971–76 are published, but what is known through presentations and websites profoundly changes the picture of the cultural profile of the region along the western shore of the Lake.<sup>8</sup> It more and more becomes apparent how “urban” and “Mediterranean” this site has been since its foundation in the 2nd century BCE. It is entirely justified to see Magdala in the same category as the large Hellenistic cities in Greece or Asia Minor. Apparently, Magdala followed the Hippodamic model and was spread over wide areas of the neighboring plain including much territory west of modern route 90. De Luca was able to expose large portions of the paved <em>cardo maximus</em> as well as of the perpendicular <em>decumanus</em>. Underneath these magnificent urban boulevards drainage channels were laid who fed numerous wells and fountains, parts of the city’s sophisticated water supply system. Also connected to the supply system was a large public bath complex whose courtyard (<em>palaestra</em>) was taken by the first Franciscan excavators to be the main piazza of the city. Instead, it was a <em>quadriporticus</em>: a peristyle surrounding an open courtyard which gave access to separate bathrooms with pools, basins and other installations. Closer examination of the mud from several pools produced a large number of well-preserved objects, among them complete sets of ceramic and wooden vessels. De Luca identified two phases of the bath complex: having been erected in the 1st century CE in the context of a reorganization of urban space, the complex was refurbished in the 3rd/4th century only to be destroyed in the earthquake of 363 CE.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Immediately east of the bath complex De Luca found Magdala’s harbour, its economic heart, separated from the city by a plastered wall. De Luca found the massive foundations of a tower with casemates, a quay and a large L-shaped harbour basin with breakwater and six mooring stones, the largest and best preserved harbour on the Lake of Galilee discovered so far.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Where did all the wealth come from? Catching and processing fish from the Lake certainly played a large role (see Magdala’s Greek “alias” Tarichaea), but also trade with the Decapolis on the eastern shore and shipyards may have added their shares.Without government investment, however, such massive infrastructural buildings were impossible to set up in the first place. If De Luca’s preliminary data hold up, it seems that Magdala’s harbour and bath complex were not built by Antipas but already during the Hasmonean period. Did they want to safeguard their trade and influence on the Lake in competition to Hellenistic settlements like Philoteria, et-Tell, Hippos and Gadara? In any case, Magdala was the only real city on the western shore of the Lake before the foundation of Tiberias and has a much more Hellenized character than previously thought.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Everywhere in his excavations De Luca encountered damage caused by the First Jewish Revolt in which – according to Josephus –Magdala played a major role.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">While De Luca’s excavations confirmed my assumption that the “minisynagoga” excavated by the Franciscans between 1971 and 1976 in fact was a latrine,<sup>9</sup> the first synagogue from Magdala has in the meantime been found by IAA archaeologists Dina Avshalom-Gorni and Arfan Najar during salvage excavations on private property earmarked for the construction of a hotel on Migdal beach in connection to a pilgrims center. <sup>10 </sup>The structure covers about 120 m<sup>2</sup>, has stone benches along the walls and is decorated with a floor mosaic and painted walls.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Several phases seem to be attested, but the excavators date the first building to the late Second Temple period. In the center of the building a square, engraved stone was found decorated with floral, geometric and architectural elements and a relief of the menorah flanked on either side by a <em>kantharos</em> and a column. Contrary to what was promulgated by the media, this menorah (if indeed carved before 70) is not the only one from the time when the Temple was still standing, but it apparently is the first and only specimen from pre-70 Galilee so far. Since no detailed report has been published yet, however, such conclusions are necessarily preliminary.</p>
<p><strong>Rural Galilee</strong> Not only cities like Tiberias or Magdala received much attention in recent years, study on rural Galilee fortunately is also revived.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Uzi Leibner published an important diachronic study based on surface surveys in a region west of the Magdala plain in Eastern Galilee. <sup>11</sup> Leibner is able to show that a considerable increase in settlement occurred during the Late-Hellenistic and early Roman period as well as His study on the location of the toponym Gennesaret/Ginnosar is a good example of the value and dangers of survey archaeology for resolving textual problems (see the contrary results of Zangenberg). <sup>12</sup>  Since 2007 Leibner digs at the site of Wadi Hamam on the northern foot of the Arbel cliffs under the auspices of Hebrew University, adding valuable data on rural towns in the Galilee, such as a new multi-phase synagogue with a fragmented Byzantine mosaic showing a building scene (constructing the city of Jerusalem?) and evidence of the Second Revolt in Galilee.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Even smaller sites are in the focus of the new excavations on Horvat Kur, a small village site 2 km west of the Lake of Galilee directed by the author in collaboration with partners from the universities of Berne and Helsinki and under the auspices of Kinneret Regional Project (<a href="http://www.kinneret-excavations.org)13">www.kinneret-excavations.org)</a> <sup>13</sup>.</p>
<p>The first season of systematic excavations in June and July 2010 concentrated on two areas A and C on the northern and southern fringes of themain plateau. Already in the second week of the campaign, the team in area A uncovered almost the entire western wall (ca. 10 m) of a building, including an entrance for a double-winged door, a simple stone bench running along the entire wall on the inside (only interrupted by the entrance) and a stretch of a high-quality, grey plaster floor. The wall is made of carefully dressed basalt ashlars which very notably differ from walls of domestic buildings excavated elsewhere on Horvat Kur (e. g. in Area C). On the basis of current evidence, the building measures ca. 11 x 7 mand was oriented North-South (the entrance in the west likely serving as side entrance).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">To the west of the building, a cobblestone pavement covered a small courtyard whose roof very likely was supported by a simple porch. Most remarkable of all finds from the cobblestone area was a very large number of small bronze coins scattered in several clusters between and on top of the pavers. Tens of thousands of simple, single tesserae (mosaic stones)  and many broken roof tiles were found in fills in and around the building. Several nicely sculptured architectural fragments of limestone and, above all, basalt demonstrate that the building was once very carefully executed. Preliminary numismatic and ceramic evidence from the 2008 test excavations tentatively indicate that the building might have been in use at least from the beginning of the 5th c. CE. A taboon (oven) and very late Byzantine/early Arab pottery on the plaster floor likely represent the last use  of the building sometime in the mid-8th century CE. Careful lab analysis of the pottery and the coins from the 2010 campaign will allow a more secure dating of the building from its construction until its final destruction. The evidence collected so  far urged us to assume that the building was public and has served as synagogue for the ancient village on Horvat Kur. No inscriptions or Jewish symbols were found so far, however, nor have we discovered a miqwe yet.</p>
<div id="attachment_4437" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 558px"><a href="http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/002.jpg"><img class="size-large wp-image-4437" title="-002" src="http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/002-682x1024.jpg" alt="" width="548" height="822" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Synagogue from the air. Note the side entrance in the wall, the bench and the plaster floor on its inside and the cobbled area outside. © Kinneret Regional Project/Skyview Co.</p></div>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<div id="attachment_4442" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="width: 558px"><a href="http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/003.jpg"><img class="size-large wp-image-4442" title="-003" src="http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/003-1024x682.jpg" alt="" width="548" height="365" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text">Domestic area with parts of a courtyard and surrounding houses in Area C. © Kinneret Regional Project/Skyview Co.</p></div>
<p style="text-align: center;">
<p style="text-align: justify;">Parallel excavations in a domestic area at Horvat Kur produced important data about everyday life in a Galilean village during the Early Christian/Talmudic periods. Parts of an <em>insula</em> with segments of a courtyard and two houses separated by a small alley were found, as well as data collected on architecture visible above surface that will help us understand the structure of the village of Horvat Kur. Excavations and surveys will be continued in 2011  to fully expose  further domestic areas within this ancient village and continue collecting data from its surrounding environment.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Villages indeed deserve more attention. First of all, it seems that the more research is being carried out, the more complex the phenomenon “village” turns out to be.<sup>14</sup> Instead of being the arbitrary stage for a repetitive and primitive lifestyle, villages turn out to be tremendously diverse. It appears that villagers had to be masters of adaptation and innovation to secure survival. Instead of seeing villages as traditionalistic and backwater, many of them actually were hotspots of cultural development and testing grounds for coping with outside influences and the constantly changing conditions of life. It is into this direction that we want to go with our project. Inspired by methods and questions of Mediterranean archaeology, the project aims at understanding how an average rural settlement from the Hellenistic to Byzantine period functioned, how such a settlement developed in correlation to transformations (human-made or natural) of the surrounding landscape and how that village relates to the wider Mediterranean context (characteristics, interactions). Starting at the household level, the project will investigate the spatial organization and articulation, areas of activities and social and economic differentiation on and off-site. To reach this goal, detailed excavation work, pedestrian landscape survey, ethnographical, ethnoarchaeological as well as geo-scientific studies will be carried out and subjected to continuous methodological reflection.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Recent excavations have shown that Galilee still offers many surprises. The biggest of them, perhaps, is the simultaneous existence of a seemingly very <em>traditional</em> rural world next to strongly urbanized centers of <em>Hellenism</em> beginning already in the 2nd century BCE (Magdala) and continuing well into the 1st century CE (Tiberias). The role of “public spending” seems to have been more important for the development of Hellenistic and Early Roman Galilee than previously thought, and one asks oneself how far this was inspired by competition with the thriving urban centers on the Eastern side of the Lake (especially Gadara, Hippos). It more and more turns out that the Western Decapolis (and here especially Hippos and Gadara) need to be considered part of the territory at the Lake and therefore to a certain extent part of the cultural sphere of Eastern Galilee although for Josephus and other authors they were outside of Galilee proper.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">A second point needs to be mentioned. Recent excavations more than ever show that both the urban and the rural worlds were <em>Jewish</em> worlds. And to what extent did these worlds really <em>differ</em>? Both worlds shared many elements of material culture with each other, as recent excavations demonstrate, but more research is certainly necessary. Contrary to a supposedly wide-spread town-countryside divide, archaeological excavations indicate that elements of urban culture were in fact attractive for many country dwellers.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Despite distinctive elements of life and material culture, Galilee more turns out to have been a bridge between the Mediterranean and the Decapolis/Syria, and the political situation in the early Roman Empire opened the Eastern Mediterranean for Western influences (and vice versa). How far did this affect the life of the Galilean population? Jewish religion, it seems, did not prevent some people to assimilate and adapt Hellenism, resistance was not the only option. On the other side: participation in wealth distribution was not equally spread over all levels of society. But did this mean that the “Mediterranization” of Galilee automatically deepened the split between the Galilean elite and the urban and rural lower classes? Why did the number of inhabitants and settlements <em>increase</em> during the most intensive Hellenization if all-out poverty had reigned?Or did it rather improve the situation of the poor by having them indirectly participate (through building programs and patronism) in what the elite directly had at their disposal?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The more archaeological research is carried out, the more complex ancient Galilee turns out to be. What does this mean if we try to find a place for Jesus of Nazareth in this region? Of course, Jesus came from Galilee, but how “Galilean” was he? How typical, how representative for “<em>the </em>situation in Galilean&#8221; was is message ? It more and more seems that Jesus, as is presented  in the New Testament, is <em>not</em> the spokesperson for “the average Galilean”, he rather is a representative of a certain milieu that existed in the Galilee, but which is not “Galilean” per se in the way that it directly reflected and responded to social problems and religious needs in the Galilee of Antipas. So: Who were the poor that Jesus addressed, and where were they? Of course, the contours of that milieu certainly need to be further explored, but I have the impression that Jesus’message is more inspired by a <em>theological interpretation of reality</em> than by the complex reality itself. It is somewhat ironic that archaeology which has to a large extent and so successfully set out to contextualize Jesus of Nazareth and the early Jesus movement within ancient Galilee, now more and more makes us aware of the <em>complexity</em> of the environment and instead of  <span style="font-family: Advminpror; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Advminpror; font-size: x-small;">serving us with direct parallels or backgrounds for what the New Testament reveals about Jesus’ social context. It is just this new distance between Jesus and “the” Galilee which I expect will have the most stimulating effect for the dialogue between Galilean archaeology and Jesus </span></span><span style="font-family: Advminpror; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Advminpror; font-size: x-small;">research.</span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">
<p style="text-align: center;">
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Note</strong></p>
<p>1 ) For a new overview see Killebrew, “Village and Countryside”. For complete bibliographical data cf. the bibliography at the end of this article.<br />
2 ) On the latest results from Hirschfeld’s excavations see Hirschfeld and Galor, “New Excavations”.<br />
3 ) See <a href="http://archaeology.huji.ac.il/Tiberias/">http://archaeology.huji.ac.il/Tiberias/ </a>.<br />
4 ) See Weber, “Gadara and the Galilee”.<br />
5 ) On the theater see <a href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/Dig_Item_eng.asp?id=1165">http://www.antiquities.org.il/Dig_Item_eng.asp?id=1165</a>. Archaeological News from the Galilee 473<br />
6 ) Hørning Jensen, Herod Antipas in Galilee.<br />
7 ) Latest information e. g. on <a href="http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/">www.magdalaproject.org</a>.<br />
8 ) See e. g. Shanks, “Exclusive!”<br />
9 ) Zangenberg, Magdala am See Genezaret.<br />
10) On the Magdala synagogue e. g. see the 2009 press release “One of the Oldest Synagogues<br />
in the World was Exposed at Migdal (9/13)” at <a href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_Item_eng.asp?sec_id=25&amp;subj_id=240&amp;id=1601&amp;module_id=#as">http://www.antiquities.org.il/ </a><br />
11) Leibner, Settlement.<br />
12) Leibner, “Identifying Gennesar”; Zangenberg, “Observations”.<br />
13) I thank my colleagues Stefan Münger, RaimoHakola, Lucas Petit, Jesús García Sánches and Rick Bonnie as well as the 2010 KRP excavation team for their great work.<br />
14) See e. g. Hirschfeld, “Jewish Rural Settlement” and Hirschfeld, “Farms and Villages”.</p>
<p><span style="font-family: Advminpror; font-size: x-small;"> </span></p>
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		<title>Geophysical Survey through Ground-penetrating radar System</title>
		<link>http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/?p=3773</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 13 Jun 2011 13:47:22 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[  From 14th to 19th December 2010 Eng. Fernando Rial Villar and Geologist Nicola Ardito, from the SO.IN.G Company (Livorno) carried out a GeoRadar survey in order to complete the knowledge of the site of Magdala. A surface of about 5000 mq in the areas M, F, H was scanned. The results will provide new [...]]]></description>
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<p style="text-align: justify;">From 14th to 19th December 2010 Eng. Fernando Rial Villar and Geologist Nicola Ardito, from the SO.IN.G Company (Livorno) carried out a <span style="font-family: ArialMT, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">GeoRadar survey</span></span> in order to complete the knowledge of the site of Magdala. A surface of about 5000 mq in the areas M, F, H was scanned. The results will provide new information to integrate our knowledge of the urban planning of the city.</p>
<p> </p>
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		<title>Magdala in Context &#8211; International Seminar</title>
		<link>http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/?p=4923</link>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 04 Jun 2011 04:14:36 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Magdala in Context &#8211; International Seminar &#8211; Magdala/Jerusalem 6-8th June The Custody of the Holy Land, through its Studium Biblicum Franciscanum and under the direction of Prof. Stefano De Luca, ofm, is undertaking major archaeological excavations in the area known as Magdala (www.magdalaproject.org). Together with other specialists and archaeologists from Italy, Haifa (Israel) and Jerusalem, [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>Magdala in Context &#8211; International Seminar &#8211; Magdala/Jerusalem 6-8th June</h3>
<p style="text-align: center;"> <a href="http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/magdalaincontest.png"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-4925" title="magdalaincontest" src="http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/magdalaincontest.png" alt="" width="431" height="580" /></a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The Custody of the Holy Land, through its <strong>Studium Biblicum Franciscanum</strong> and under the direction of Prof. Stefano De Luca, ofm, is undertaking major archaeological excavations in the area known as Magdala (www.magdalaproject.org).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Together with other specialists and archaeologists from Italy, Haifa (Israel) and Jerusalem, the <strong>Spanish  Biblical and Archaeological Institure  &#8217;Casa de Santiago&#8217;</strong>  offers its  cooperation  in this <em>Magdala Project,</em> especially in the interpretation of the evidence.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In this way, the contributions of various members of the Spanish Biblical Association, specialists in so-called ‘contextual exegesis’, will help in the proper analysis of archaeological discoveries in the socio-anthropological framework of the NT (Hellenistic and Roman times, time of Jesus, Judaism, Early Christianity).</p>
<p><a title="MagdalainContext" href="http://magdalaproject.org//WP/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/MagdalainContext.pdf" target="_blank"><br />
<img title="pdf" src="http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/wp-content/themes/MagdalaProject/images/pdf.png" alt="clik to townload" width="52" height="52" />clik to download the program</a></p>
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		<title>Harbors and Harbor Cities</title>
		<link>http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/?p=4975</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Jun 2011 05:40:08 +0000</pubDate>
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		<description><![CDATA[Harbors and Harbor Cities &#8211; In the Eastern Mediterranean from Antiquity to Byzantium Istanbul 30.5.2011 &#8211; 1.6.2011 Koc University RCAC Istanbul DAI Istambul Archaeological Museum Istanbul clik to download the program]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>Harbors and Harbor Cities &#8211; In the Eastern Mediterranean from Antiquity to Byzantium</h3>
<p style="text-align: center;"> <a href="http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/mosaico.png"><img class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-4978" title="mosaico" src="http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/mosaico.png" alt="" width="425" height="322" /></a></p>
<h3 style="text-align: center;"> Istanbul 30.5.2011 &#8211; 1.6.2011</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
Koc University RCAC Istanbul<br />
DAI Istambul<br />
Archaeological Museum Istanbul</h3>
<p style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Listener.jpg"><img src="http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Listener-300x224.jpg" alt="" title="Listener" width="425" height="324" class="aligncenter size-medium wp-image-4989" /></a></p>
<p><a title="Harbors" href="http://magdalaproject.org//WP/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Harbors.pdf" target="_blank"><br />
<img title="pdf" src="http://www.magdalaproject.org/WP/wp-content/themes/MagdalaProject/images/pdf.png" alt="clik to townload" width="52" height="52" />clik to download the program</a></p>
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